ABSTRACT Single nucleotide polymorphisms are variations of a single nucleotide base pair and can be associated to phenotypic characteristics. This study aimed to determine the association of CAPN1 and CAST gene polymorphisms with the tenderness of Creole cattle meat from the Amazonas region, Peru. The texture profile (adhesiveness, cohesiveness, Warner-Bratzler shear force, elasticity, gumminess, and chewiness) of 100 animals was determined in 100 g of Longissimus dorsi et lumborum muscle. Allelic frequencies, genotypic frequencies, and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) of calpain (CAPN-316, CAPN-530) and calpastatin (CAST-2959) gene polymorphisms were studied. Allelic and genotypic frequencies were calculated, as well as the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium with the Chi-square test. The texture profile of each group of samples corresponding to a polymorphism was compared with the Duncan’s test and the t-test for independent samples (p < 0.05). Genotypic frequencies were 78 % GG and 22 % CC for CAPN-316; 68 % GG, 5 % GA, and 27 % AA for CAPN-530; and 74 % AA, 18 % AG, and 8 % GG for CAST-2959. The CAPN-316, CAPN-530, and CAST-2959 polymorphisms were not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The CC genotype of CAPN-316 marker influences meat tenderness on day 21 of meat aging. In contrast, the GG genotype of CAST-2959 marker affects meat tenderness at days 14 and 21 of meat aging concerning the other genotypes.

ABSTRACT Introduction. Unplanned pregnancy during adolescence is configured as a public health problem. There are multiple risk factors related to this situation, these can be individual, family and sexual. Objective: To describe the distribution of risk factors related to adolescent pregnancy, based on the data obtained at the San Gerónimo de Limpio-Paraguay Health Unit, from January 2020 to November 2021. Methodology: descriptive, quantitative, cross-sectional study of adolescent pregnant women with at least two prenatal visits. Data were obtained by primary source through a survey and by secondary source by reviewing prenatal consultation records. Statistical measures of frequency and percentage distribution were applied. Risk factors possibly related to pregnancy in adolescents were described. Results: 45 pregnant adolescents were included in the study. Among the individual factors, 69% of the adolescents surveyed stated that they had a basic and deficient level of knowledge about family planning and contraceptive methods. Regarding the family factor, in 71% the repetition of family patterns was observed, such as early pregnancies. Conclusion: the study provides information on the risk factors of this vulnerable group of women from the local Family Health Unit, showing the need to increase promotion-prevention actions towards this age group, to improve their sexual health and reproductive.

RESUMEN Introducción. El embarazo no planeado durante la adolescencia se configura como un problema de salud pública. Son múltiples los factores de riesgo relacionados con esta situación, estos pueden ser individuales, familiares y sexuales. Objetivo. Describir la distribución de los factores de riesgo relacionados con el embarazo adolescente, a partir de los datos obtenidos en la Unidad de Salud San Gerónimo de Limpio-Paraguay, de enero 2020 a noviembre 2021. Metodología. Estudio descriptivo, cuantitativo, transversal de adolescentes embarazadas con por lo menos dos consultas prenatales. Se obtuvieron datos por fuente primaria mediante una encuesta y por fuente secundaria por revisión de fichas de consultas prenatales. Se aplicaron medidas estadísticas de distribución de frecuencia y porcentaje. Se describieron los factores de riesgo posiblemente relacionados con el embarazo en adolescentes. Resultados. Se incluyeron en el estudio 45 adolescentes embarazadas. Entre los factores individuales, el 69% de las adolescentes encuestadas manifestaron tener un grado de conocimiento básico y deficiente sobre planificación familiar y métodos anticonceptivos. En cuanto al factor familiar, en el 71% se observó la repetición de patrones familiares, como embarazos precoces. Conclusión. El estudio brinda información sobre los factores de riesgo de este grupo vulnerable de mujeres de la Unidad de Salud de la Familia de la localidad, mostrando la necesidad de incrementar acciones de promoción-prevención hacia este grupo de edad, para mejorar su salud sexual y reproductiva.

ABSTRACT Multiple sclerosis is a chronic demyelinating disease that causes progressive disability, so treatment focuses on slowing progression, preventing relapses, and effectively reducing symptoms. We conducted an observational, descriptive, longitudinal, single-center study with patients admitted to the demyelinating diseases unit from December 2017 to February 2020. Of the total number of patients, 62.5% received treatment with ocrelizumab and completed 12-month follow-up, without disease progression. With this study, we highlight the importance and effectiveness of disease-modifying treatments.

RESUMEN La esclerosis múltiple es una enfermedad desmielinizante crónica que produce discapacidad progresiva, por lo que el tratamiento se centra en retrasar la progresión, prevenir recaídas y disminuir los síntomas de manera efectiva. Realizamos un estudio observacional, descriptivo, longitudinal, de un solo centro, con los pacientes admitidos en la unidad de enfermedades desmielinizantes, desde diciembre 2017 hasta febrero 2020. Del total de pacientes, 62.5% recibieron tratamiento con ocrelizumab y completaron seguimiento por 12 meses, sin progresión de la enfermedad. Con este estudio, resaltamos la importancia y la efectividad de los tratamientos modificadores de la enfermedad.

Abstract In this work, we conducted an exhaustive review of databases of scientific collections and specialized literature with the goal to update the list of the smaller non-volant mammals (<1000 g approx.) of the department of Loreto. Results show 536 localities where are including records of 75 species, grouped in four orders and six families, this represent to 13% and 28.6% of the mammal diversity of Peru and Loreto, respectively. In addition, five of the 83 endemic mammal species of Peru occur in Loreto: Akodon orophilus, Neusticomys peruviensis, Hadrosciurus "species 3", Marmosops (Marmosops) soinii and Monodelphis (Mygalodelphys) handleyi; the last three species are only recorded in this department. Likewise, 23 species are considered rare and 12 common. In addition, two are considered Vulnerable and three as Data Deficient by Peruvian legislation, and about 16 species have not been evaluated by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). On the other hand, while the species diversity of small non-volant mammals is comparatively well represented in the different provinces of Loreto, Putumayo province is the least explored with only 10 species. In addition, five large areas of information gaps were found, distributed mainly in the border areas: 1) the entire province of Putumayo and northeast of Maynas, 2) south of the Amazon River in the province of Mariscal Ramón Castilla, 3) north of the province of Datem del Marañón, 4) southwest of Datem del Marañón and 5) south and west of the province of Ucayali, which explain why the diversity of this group is largely underestimated in this department.

Resumen En este trabajo realizamos una revisión exhaustiva de bases de datos de colecciones científicas y literatura especializada con el objetivo de actualizar la lista de los mamíferos menores no voladores (<1000 g aprox.) del departamento de Loreto. Como resultado se contabilizaron 536 localidades en la que se registran 75 especies, agrupadas en cuatro órdenes y seis familias, equivalente al 13% y 28.6% de la diversidad de mamíferos de Perú y Loreto, respectivamente. Además, cinco de las 83 especies de mamíferos endémicos a nivel nacional están presentes en Loreto: Akodon orophilus, Neusticomys peruviensis, Hadrosciurus "sp. 3", Marmosops (Marmosops) soinii y Monodelphis (Mygalodelphys) handleyi; siendo las tres últimas, especies con registros sólo en este departamento. Asimismo, 23 especies son consideradas especies raras y 12 comunes, dos están consideradas como Vulnerables y tres como datos insuficientes por la legislación peruana, y alrededor de 16 especies no han sido evaluadas por la International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Por otro lado, mientras que la diversidad de especies de mamíferos pequeños no voladores está comparativamente bien representada en las distintas provincias de Loreto, algunas como Putumayo es una de las menos exploradas (< 15 localidades) y registra solamente 10 especies. Además, se evidenciaron cinco zonas de vacíos de información, distribuidas principalmente en las zonas fronterizas con otros departamentos o países: 1) toda la provincia del Putumayo y noreste de Maynas, 2) sur del río Amazonas en la provincia de Mariscal Ramón Castilla, 3) norte de la provincia del Datem del Marañón, 4) suroccidente del Datem del Marañón y 5) al sur y occidente de la provincia de Ucayali; cuya extensión podría explicar por qué la diversidad de los mamíferos menores no voladores estaría subestimada en este departamento.

Abstract In this work, we present an updated list of large mammals for Loreto composed of 72 species in 8 orders and 25 families. This list is elaborated from review of databases, zoological collections, and scientific publications. In Loreto is registered five Peruvian endemic species: Lagothrix flavicauda, Saguinus (Leontocebus) illigeri, Saguinus (Leontocebus) nigrifrons, Pithecia aequatorialis and Pithecia isabela; the last three have presence only in Loreto. We found 292 different locations and 3286 records of large mammals and build a distribution map highlighting ecoregions and historical (before 2001) and contemporary (after 2001) records. Likewise, we build maps for each of the 72 species with records in Loreto, and a density map that reveal two areas with information gaps: 1) the Datem del Marañón-Loreto zone, and 2) the Alto Amazonas-Ucayali zone. These zones require urgent evaluations to complement knowledge of Loreto's biodiversity and adequately support conservation and sustainable development plans.

Resumen En el presente trabajo, presentamos una lista actualizada de mamíferos mayores para Loreto compuesta por 72 especies en 8 órdenes y 25 familias. Esta lista fue elaborada a partir de la minuciosa revisión de bases de datos, colecciones zoológicas y publicaciones científicas. En Loreto se encuentran 5 especies endémicas nacionales: Lagothrix flavicauda, Saguinus (Leontocebus) illigeri, Saguinus (Leontocebus) nigrifrons, Pithecia aequatorialis y Pithecia isabela, siendo las tres últimas también endémicas para Loreto. Se encontraron 292 localidades diferentes a partir de 3286 registros de mamíferos mayores. Se presenta un mapa de distribución de las localidades analizadas remarcando ecorregiones y registros históricos (antes del 2001) y contemporáneos (después del 2001). Asimismo, se presentan mapas con la distribución de las localidades donde han sido registradas las 72 especies estudiadas, y un mapa de densidad de las localidades registradas, el cual permite identificar dos zonas con vacíos de información: 1) la zona Datem del Marañón-Loreto y 2) la zona Alto Amazonas-Ucayali. Estas zonas requieren evaluaciones urgentes para complementar el conocimiento de la biodiversidad de Loreto y sustentar adecuadamente los planes de conservación y desarrollo sustentable.

Abstract In this work, an updated list of species of bats from Loreto is presented, this was elaborated using information of databases, zoological collections, and specialized literature. The results confirm Loreto as the most diverse department of Peru with 114 species of bats grouped into 7 families (19.9% of the Peruvian mastofauna), which include two of the nine endemic species to Peru: Micronycteris (Micronycteris) matses and Hsunycteris dashe. Additionally, 444 different locations were found with specimen records, located mainly along rivers. Species recorded in four or less different locations are considered rare, while species recorded in 111 or more different locations are considered common. We present a map of the Loreto ecoregions with the different localities, both historical and contemporary, as well as a map of density of locations per 25 km2, which identifies 6 areas of information gaps: 1) North and middle Putumayo, 2) Northwest Maynas and northeast Loreto, 3) Middle Maynas, 4) North-middle Datem del Marañón, north Alto Amazonas and western end of Loreto, 5) South-middle Requena and eastern end of Ucayali and 6) Western end of Ucayali. Finally we present distribution maps for each species reported here for Loreto.

Resumen En este trabajo presentamos una lista actualizada de los murciélagos de Loreto basada en la revisión de bases de datos, colecciones científicas y literatura especializada. Encontramos que Loreto es el departamento con mayor diversidad de murciélagos del Perú, con 114 especies agrupadas en 7 familias (19.9% de la mastofauna peruana), y que incluyen dos de las nueve especies endémicas para Perú: Micronycteris (Micronycteris) matses y Hsunycteris dashe. Además, se encontraron 444 localidades diferentes con registros de especímenes, principalmente ubicadas a lo largo de ríos. Las especies registradas en cuatro o menos localidades únicas fueron consideradas como raras, mientras que las especies registradas en 111 o más localidades únicas fueron consideradas comunes. Presentamos un mapa de las ecorregiones de Loreto con las localidades únicas, tanto históricas como contemporáneas, además de un mapa de densidad de localidades por cada 25 km2 donde se identifican 6 zonas de vacíos de información: 1) norte y centro de Putumayo 2) noroeste de Maynas y noreste de Loreto, 3) centro de Maynas, 4) centro-norte del Datem del Marañón, norte de Alto Amazonas y extremo occidental de Loreto, 5) centro-sur de Requena y extremo oriental de Ucayali y 6) extremo occidental de Ucayali. Finalmente presentamos mapas de distribución para cada especie aquí reportada para Loreto.

Resumen La lista de mamíferos del Perú más reciente, publicada en el año 2020, compiló un total de 569 especies y 82 especies endémicas, sin embargo, en corto tiempo varios cambios taxonómicos han ocurrido y obligan a presentar otra lista actualizada de todas las especies de mamíferos con registros en el Perú. Esta nueva lista actualizada hasta noviembre de 2021 incluye 573 especies, 223 géneros, 51 familias y 13 órdenes: Didelphimorphia (47), Paucituberculata (2), Sirenia (1), Cingulata (5), Pilosa (7), Primates (42), Lagomorpha (2), Eulipotyphla (3), Carnivora (33), Perissodactyla (2), Artiodactyla (46, incluyendo 32 cetáceos), Rodentia (194) y Chiroptera (189); de las cuales, 87 especies son endémicas para el país. Por otro lado, la necesidad de contar con listas taxonómicas válidas y actualizadas para el uso en toma de decisiones, nos lleva a proponer como una estrategia óptima que la Asociación de Mastozoólogos del Perú (AMP) asuma el rol de mantener actualizada una lista que cubra las necesidades de los diferentes usuarios, tal como organizaciones similares lo vienen haciendo en países vecinos con el apoyo del Estado y ONGs.

Abstract The most recent list of mammals in Peru, published in 2020, compiled a total of 569 species, including 82 endemic species. However, several taxonomic changes have occurred in this short time, and it makes necessary to publish an updated list of all mammalian species recorded in Peru. This new list is updated until November 2021 and includes 573 species, 223 genera, 51 families and 13 orders: Didelphimorphia (47), Paucituberculata (2), Sirenia (1), Cingulata (5), Pilosa (7), Primates (42), Lagomorpha (2), Eulipotyphla (3), Carnivora (33), Perissodactyla (2), Artiodactyla (46, including 32 cetaceans), Rodentia (194) and Chiroptera (189); of which 87 species are endemic to the country. On the other hand, the need to have valid and updated taxonomic lists for use in decision-making, leads us to propose as an optimal strategy that the Asociación de Mastozoólogos del Perú (AMP) assume the role to produce and maintain an updated list to satisfy the needs of different users, as similar organizations are doing in neighboring countries with the support of the State and NGOs.

Resumen Las propiedades fisicoquímicas como terneza, color, jugosidad, sabor, marmoleo, pH y capacidad de retención de agua, son consideradas como los atributos que tienen mayor importancia en la calidad de la carne. El manejo post mortem influye en el funcionamiento del sistema proteolítico de las enzimas µ-calpaínas y calpastatinas, que están codificadas por los genes CAPN1 y CAST, respectivamente. Esta revisión muestra las asociaciones de los polimorfismos CAPN1 y CAST con el fin de explicar las propiedades fisicoquímicas antes mencionadas, que determinan las características relacionadas con la calidad de la carne. Existen polimorfismos de CAPN1 y CAST asociados a propiedades fisicoquímicas particulares de la carne, pero no todos los polimorfismos se asocian con las propiedades mencionadas. La actividad del sistema proteolítico de las enzimas varía según el manejo peri y post mortem. La presencia o ausencia de un polimorfismo varía entre razas. Por consiguiente, las asociaciones de polimorfismos de nucleótido simple con las propiedades fisicoquímicas de la carne mencionadas en esta revisión podrían ayudar a mejorar los indicadores de calidad de la carne bovina.

Abstract Physicochemical properties such as tenderness, color, juiciness, flavor, marbling, pH and water retention capacity, are considered the most important attributes in the meat quality. Posmortem management influences the functioning of the proteolytic system of the enzymes calpains and calpastatins, which are encoded by CAPN1 and CAST genes, respectively. This review displays the associations of CAPN1 and CAST polymorphisms in order to explain the aforementioned physicochemical properties, which determine the characteristics relate to the beef quality. There are CAPN1 and CAST polymorphisms associated with particular physicochemical properties of meat, but not all polymorphisms are associated with the mentioned properties. The activity of enzymes proteolytic system varies according to peri and posmortem management. The presence or absence of a polymorphism varies between races. Therefore, the associations of single nucleotide polymorphisms with the physicochemical properties of meat mentioned in this review could help to improve the quality indicators of beef.

Resumo Propriedades físico-químicas como maciez, cor, suculência, sabor, marmorização, pH e capacidade de retenção da água, são consideradas os atributos mais importantes na qualidade da carne. O manejo pós-morte influencia o funcionamento do sistema proteolítico das enzimas calpaína e calpastatina, que são codificadas pelos genes CAPN1 e CAST, respectivamente. Esta revisão mostra as associações dos polimorfismos CAPN1 e CAST para explicar as propriedades físico-químicas citadas, que determinam as características relacionadas à qualidade da carne. Existem polimorfismos CAPN1 e CAST associados a propriedades físico-químicas específicas da carne, mas nem todos os polimorfismos estão associados às propriedades mencionadas. A atividade das enzimas do sistema proteolítico varia de acordo com o manejo peri e pos-mortem. A presença ou ausência de um polimorfismo varia entre as raças. Portanto, as associações de polimorfismos de nucleotídeo único com as propriedades físico-químicas da carne mencionadas nesta revisão poderiam ajudar a melhorar os indicadores de qualidade da carne bovina.

Abstract This work summarizes recent knowledge regarding the diversity and distribution of 11 Orders of mammals from Peru. Species information is presented for the country, ecoregions and, for the first time, by individual departments. Furthermore, we identified endemic species for the country and provided elevation ranges per species. To compile our information, we conducted an exhaustive review of the scientific literature and specimens in scientific collections, consulting with specialists when needed to verify records. We report 191 species belonging to the orders Didelphimorphia (46 spp.), Paucituberculata (2), Sirenia (1), Cingulata (5), Pilosa (8), Primates (42), Lagomorpha (2), Eulipotyphla (3), Carnivora (33), Perissodactyla (2), and Artiodactyla (47, including 32 cetaceans); 22 of these are endemic to Peru. Due to their high diversity and number of taxonomic changes, the Orders Chiroptera and Rodentia will be treated separately in future articles. The species records presented here, together with previous reports of bats (189 spp.) and rodents (189 spp.) yield a current total 569 species of mammals for Peru. Finally, we provide taxonomic notes for species that exhibit differences with respect to the previously published list of Peruvian mammals. We hope that this first list of mammals by department encourages further studies of Peruvian mammalian diversity at the regional level.

Resumen Este trabajo presenta una síntesis actualizada del conocimiento de la diversidad y distribución de 11 órdenes de mamíferos del Perú. La información de especies es presentada a nivel de país, ecorregión y por primera vez por departamento. Además, identificamos las especies endémicas para el país y damos los rangos de elevación por especie. Para ello se realizó una revisión exhaustiva tanto de la literatura como de ejemplares en colecciones científicas, además de consultas con especialistas. Aquí, reportamos 191 especies pertenecientes a los órdenes Didelphimorphia (46 spp.), Paucituberculata (2), Sirenia (1), Cingulata (5), Pilosa (8), Primates (42), Lagomorpha (2), Eulipotyphla (3), Carnivora (33), Perissodactyla (2) y Artiodactyla (47, incluyendo 32 cetáceos), de los cuales 22 especies son endémicas para el país. Debido a su alta diversidad y al alto número de cambios taxonómicos los órdenes Chiroptera y Rodentia serán tratados separadamente en futuros artículos. Los registros de especies presentadas en este trabajo, aunado a los reportes recientes de murciélagos (189 especies) y roedores (189 especies) totalizan a una diversidad de 569 especies de mamíferos para el Perú. Finalmente, proporcionamos notas taxonómicas de las especies que presentan cambios con respecto a la anterior lista de mamíferos peruanos. Esperamos que este primer listado de mamíferos por departamentos incentive estudios más detallados de la diversidad peruana a nivel regional.

Abstract Background Adherence to antihypertensive medication is a major challenge in the management of hypertension, and non-adherence is an important barrier to effective management of hypertension. Objectives To determine the adherence rate to hypertensive drug treatment and the factors that influence non-adherence in a cohort of the Argentinean population. Methods A multicenter cross-sectional study was conducted in eight cities of Argentina. Consecutive hypertensive patients seen in general practice offices, receiving pharmacological treatment for at least six months were included. Blood pressure measurements were performed by physicians during the patient visit. The level of adherence was assessed using the Morisky questionnaire, and patients were divided into non-adherent and adherent. Continuous variables were compared using independent t-test. Categorical variables were compared using the χ2 test. To identify the variables independently associated with non-adherence, a forward stepwise binary regression logistic model was performed, and the results expressed as odds ratio (OR) with 95% of confidence interval. All tests were two-tailed, and p-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results A total of 852 individuals (52% women, 62 ± 13 years) were included. The main reason for lack of adherence was forgetfulness of medication intake and errors in the time of intake (~ 40% in both). Individuals with more cardiovascular risk factors (smoking, diabetes, dyslipidemia and previous cardiovascular events) had lower adherence to antihypertensive treatment, and considerably younger (~ five years younger). Conclusions Adherence rate to antihypertensive drug treatment in our study group was higher than the one reported in previous studies, and the main reason for non-adherence was forgetfulness of medication intake. (Int J Cardiovasc Sci. 2020; 33(3):272-277)

Abstract: The goal of this research was to design, develop and implement a remote monitoring system for research biobanks using internet of things and analog and digital sensors, as well as micro controllers with wireless connection. Biobanks are non-profit establishments, that manage collections of biological samples for diagnostic or biomedical research purposes. Given the relevance of the stored material, not only the safety, but also the integrity and correct storage of this biological material are critical factors to guarantee the accuracy of all the investigations based on biobanks. Our challenge was to successfully couple sensors for measuring temperature, humidity, voltage, strength and sound into a single unit and implement both a software with a web viewer and a real-time alarm module. This remote system allows to monitor a biobank to assure the quality of the stored biological material without substantially increasing implementation and operation cost.

Resumen: El objetivo de esta investigación fue diseñar, desarrollar e implementar un sistema de monitoreo remoto para biobancos con fines de investigación utilizando tecnologías del internet de las cosas, sensores digitales y analógicos, como también microcontroladores y comunicación inalámbrica. Los biobancos son establecimientos sin ánimo de lucro, que gestionan colecciones de muestras biológicas humanas con fines diagnósticos o de investigación biomédica. Dada la gran relevancia del material resguardado, la seguridad, integridad y correcto almacenamiento son factores críticos y de trascendental importancia para garantizar el éxito de las investigaciones basadas en biobancos. Nuestro desafío consistió en acoplar exitosamente sensores de temperatura, humedad, voltaje, fuerza y sonido en una sola unidad, e implementar un sistema de software con un visor web y un módulo de alertas en tiempo real. Este sistema permite monitorear un biobanco, garantizando la calidad del material biológico almacenado sin incrementar sustancialmente los costos de implementación y funcionamiento.

Abstract: Land surface temperature (LST) acquired from remote sensing observations is essential to monitor surface energy and water exchange processes at the land-atmosphere interface. Most LST retrieval methodologies are developed focusing on Northern hemisphere. Consequently, Southern hemisphere has a great need for investigating the performance of LST retrieval algorithms already consolidated in the literature. In this paper, we compared a Split-window (SW) and a Single-channel (SC) method to retrieve LST from Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS images in a dune field, Southern Brazil. To validate the results, the Atmospheric Correction Parameter Calculator (ACPC) tool and Radiative Transfer Equation (RTE) were used. Results demonstrated that both methodologies are in accordance with the RTE, despite they overestimated the LST. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated that the means are not statistically significant (0.05 level). The correlations between LST retrieved and RTE were strong, producing R² of 0.984 and 0.973 for the SW and SC, respectively, and RMSE values of 1.18 and 1.6. SW also exhibited the best values of MSD (±0.983) and Bias (0.773), thus reinforcing its superior performance. SW can be applied with an accuracy of 1.18 K in Southern Brazil, without needing complex modeling or specific radiosonde.

Abstract Abstract: Anatomically preserved conifer-like leaves from the Middle Jurassic La Matilde Formation at the Barda Blanca locality in the Gran Bajo de San Julián area, southern Patagonia are described here. Leaves are assigned to conifers based on the following foliar features: thick-walled epidermal cells, a sclerenchymatic hypodermis, resin canals and transfusion tracheids associated with the vascular bundle. General mesophyll anatomy and inferred foliar morphology suggest a similarity to large, broad, linear-lanceolate, multi-veined conifer-like leaves. The general foliar habit indicates an affinity with the large, multi-veined leaves of the Araucariaceae; especially with those exhibited by the species of the Araucaria sections, Araucaria and Bunya. Anatomically, the permineralized leaves exhibit xeromorphic foliar features, including thick-walled epidermal cells, an isobilateral mesophyll with well-developed palisade cells and mechanical tissue. The general leaf anatomy shown by the Patagonian specimens along with sedimentological data may suggest that during the deposition of the La Matilde Formation at the Barda Blanca locality, the parent plant was well adapted to the environmental conditions, which probably consisted of a high light intensity with an adequate quantity of water in the soil, which increased the maximum leaf conductance of CO2.

Resumo Um plano instável para o desenvolvimento de currículos e questões de apoio na educação física (PE) criou confusão entre os profissionais. O objetivo desta pesquisa é investigar os fatores percebidos como importantes no desenvolvimento da educação física de qualidade (QPE) por profissionais de países da América Latina (AL). Um questionário composto por 24 itens com base no QPE foi respondido por 468 profissionais coletados em 6 cidades da América Latina. Uma análise fatorial exploratória dos 24 itens usando extração ML e rotação obliminar direta foram aplicados, e os 17 itens retidos foram agrupados em uma solução de três fatores denominada Elementos de Desenvolvimento e Suporte para QPE na Escola (DSFQPE) (α = 0,935), Valor essencial do QPE (CVPE) (α = 0,890) e Arranjo Curricular das Atividades Físicas (CAPA) (α = 0,850). Os itens retidos indicaram propriedades excelentes e o referencial básico percebido pelos profissionais de EF em países da América Latina como importante na investigação do PEQ.

Abstract An unsteady plan for curriculum development and supportive issues in physical education (PE) has created confusion among professionals. The purpose of this research is to investigate the factors perceived as important in the development of quality physical education (QPE) by professionals in Latin American (LA) countries. A questionnaire consisting of 24 items based on QPE was responded by 468 professionals collected from 6 LA cities. An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) of the 24 items using ML extraction and direct oblimin rotation were applied, and the retained 17 items were clustered in a three factor solution referred to as, Development and Supportive Elements for QPE in School (DSFQPE) (α = .935), Core Value of QPEtabl (CVPE) (α = .890), and Curriculum Arrangement of Physical Activities (CAPA) (α = .850). The retained items indicated excellent properties and the basic framework as perceived by professionals from PE in LA countries as important in the investigation of QPE.

Resumen Un plan inestable para el desarrollo curricular y aspectos de apoyo para la educación física (EF) han creado confusión entre los profesionales. El propósito de esta investigación es investigar los factores percibidos como importantes en el desarrollo de la educación física de calidad (EFC) por profesionales en países de América Latina (AL). Un cuestionario que consta de 24 ítems basados en EFC fue respondido por 468 profesionales recolectados en 6 ciudades de LA. Se aplicó un Análisis factorial exploratorio de los 24 ítems que utilizan extracción ML y rotación oblicua directa, y los 17 ítems retenidos se agruparon en una solución de tres factores denominada Elementos de desarrollo y de apoyo para EFC en la escuela (EDAEFC) (α = 0,935); Valor principal de EFC (CVPE) (α = 0,890) y Arreglo del plan de actividades físicas (CAPA) (α = 0,850). Los ítems retenidos indicaron excelentes propiedades y el marco básico es percibido por los profesionales de EF en los países de AL como importante en la investigación de EFC.

Resumen Descripción del caso: La enfermedad de Pelizaeus Merzbacher es una leucodistrofia ligada al X que causa encefalopatía espástica crónica en la infancia. Su etiología es genética, por duplicaciones u otros trastornos de la dosis génica o mutaciones puntuales del gen PLP1, lo que condiciona la formación anormal de las vainas de mielina principalmente en el sistema nervioso central. Clínicamente se caracteriza por un cuadro de retardo del neurodesarrollo, nistagmus y espasticidad, con neuroimágenes que evidencian la dismielinización. Presentamos una serie de siete casos colombianos con esta leucodistrofica en la que describimos fenotípica y genotípicamente la heterogeneidad de esta enfermedad en nuestra población. Hallazgos clínicos: Todos los pacientes analizados fueron de sexo masculino, con edad promedio de inicio de síntomas hacia los ocho meses de vida. La edad media al diagnóstico fue de 5 años 5 meses, siendo más frecuente el diagnóstico de PMD clásica que el tipo connatal. Se describe retardo del desarrollo motor en el 100% de los casos, acompañado de nistagmus en el 28.7%. 85.7% de los casos tenía algún grado de espasticidad, 71.4 % signos cerebelosos, 57.0% hipotonía, y hasta en 28.5% se evidenciaron movimientos anormales. Solo tres pacientes lograron marcha, aunque patológica. En los dos pacientes con la forma connatal se documentó una edad maduracional motora en el rango de Alerta, de acuerdo a la escala abreviada del desarrollo de la OMS. En todos los casos se detectó algún tipo de anormalidad en el estudio imagenológico cerebral. Estudios Moleculares y Resultados: El diagnóstico molecular se empleó en la mayoría de los casos (85.7%), encontrando alteraciones en la dosis génica en el 28.5% y tres diferentes mutaciones puntuales. Relevancia clínica: Dados los hallazgos en los resultados del estudio molecular, sugerimos que en el abordaje diagnóstico confirmatorio para la población colombiana se debería contemplar en un mismo tiempo tanto la secuenciación como el estudio de variantes del número de copias del gen afectado, contrario a lo sugerido en literatura mundial en la que se inicia con estudio para duplicación / deleción.

Abstract Case Presentation: Pelizaeus Merzbacher Disease (PMD) is an X-linked developmental defect of myelination that causes childhood chronic spastic encephalopathy. Its genetic etiology can be either a duplication (or other gene dosage alterations) or a punctual mutation at the PLP1 locus. Clinically, it presents with developmental delay, nystagmus and, spasticity, supported by neuroimaging in which the defect of myelination is evident. We present a series of seven Colombian patients diagnosed with this leucodystrophy, describing their genotypic and phenotypic characteristics and heterogeneity. Clinical Findings: All patients included were male, 6 months to 16 years of age. Mean age at onset of symptoms was 8 months. Mean age at diagnosis was 5 years 5 months, being classic PMD most frequently diagnosed, as compared to the connatal phenotype. All cases had a primary diagnosis of developmental delay on 100%, and in 28.7% of cases, early onset nystagmus was described. 85.7% of patients had spasticity, 71.4% cerebellar signs, 57.0% hypotonia, and 28.5% had an abnormal movement disorder. Only three patients were able to achieve gait, though altered. In the two patients who had a diagnosis of connatal PMD maturational ages in danger zones according to the WHO Abbreviated Scale of Psychosocial Development were documented. All cases had abnormalities in neuroimages. Molecular Analysis and Results: Molecular studies were used in the majority of the cases to confirm the diagnosis (85.7 %). For two cases molecular confirmation was not considered necessary given their affected male brothers had already been tested. PLP1 gene dosage alterations (duplications) were found in 28.5 % of the patients (two siblings), whereas three different single nucleotide variants were detected. Clinical Relevance: According to these findings, as authors we propose the diagnostic algorithm in Colombian population to begin on a high clinical suspicion, followed by paraclinical extension, moving on to the molecular confirmation by using approaches to simultaneously sequence the PLP1 gene in order to detect point mutations and in/dels and performing a copy number variation analysis for the detection of gene dosage alterations.